Data sources on invasive alien species, their impacts and pathways of introduction

CABI Horizon Scanning Tool. A decision support aid that helps identify and categorize species that might enter a particular geographic area from another geographic area. 

CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Provides detailed coverage of invasive pests, plants, fungi and animal diseases to help support decision-making in invasive species management worldwide.

CABI Pest Risk Analysis tool. A decision-support tool that presents scientific information from the CABI Compendium to aid the selection of appropriate measures for reducing risk of pest introduction and facilitating the safe movement of plants and plant products. 

Costello, M.J., Ahyong, S., Bieler, R., et al. (2015). World Register of Introduced Marine Species - WRIMS. 

FAO Invasive and introduced tree species database. The database provides summarized information about those forest tree species that have been reported naturalized or invasive in at least one country or territory. 

Global Biodiversity Information Facility – GBIF. An international network and data infrastructure that enables data-holding institutions to share information about where and when species have been recorded. 

Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species – GRIIS. Validated country checklists of alien and invasive alien species. 

Invacost – Project that has produced a database with estimated the economic costs associated with biological invasions worldwide. 

IUCN Global Invasive Species Database – GISD. A source of information about alien and invasive alien species that negatively impact biodiversity, including on their impacts, distribution, pathway of introduction, and management. GISD also includes EICAT assessments made at the global scale. 

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™. Comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus and plant species. It currently lists over 160,000 species, with information on the distribution, habitat and ecology, and threats, including from invasive alien species.

Plants of the World Online. Provides information on the taxonomy, identification, images, distribution, traits, threat status, molecular phylogenies and uses of vascular plants worldwide. 

Data sources on potential sensitive sites for biodiversity

Protected planet. A source of data on protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs).

World database on Key Biodiversity Areas. Provides access to information on the worlds Key Biodiversity Areas, which are sites that support critical populations of the world’s threatened species. https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/

Resources for identifying and prioritizing pathways of introduction

CBD SBSTTA/18/9/Add.1. Pathways of introduction of invasive species, their prioritization and management. 

Dawson, J., Oppel, S., Cuthbert, R.J., et al. (2014). Prioritizing islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the United Kingdom overseas territories. Conservation Biology, Vol. 29, Issue 1 (August) 

European Commission, Directorate-General for Environment, Harrower, Scalera, Pagad et al. 2020. Guidance for interpretation of the CBD categories of pathways for the introduction of invasive alien species. Publications Office. 

NOBANIS. (2015). Invasive alien species pathway analysis and horizon scanning for countries in Northern Europe. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.

Rabitsch, W., Heger, T., Jeschke, J., et al. (2018). Analysis and prioritisation of pathways of unintentional introduction and spread of invasive alien species in Germany in accordance with Regulation (EU) 1143/2014. 

Additional resources to support prioritization of invasive alien species (incl. risk assessment and risk management)

Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Essl, F.,  et al. (2017). Socio-Economic Impact Classification of Alien Taxa - SEICAT. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Vol.9, Issue 1 (July). A standardized method for classifying alien taxa in terms of the magnitude of their impacts on human well-being, and is designed to align closely with EICAT. 

Booy, O., Mill, A.C., Roy, H.E., et al. (2017). Risk management to prioritize the eradication of new and emerging invasive non-native species. Biological Invasions, Vol. 19 (May).

ISPM 11. (2019). Pest Risk Analysis for quarantine pests. This is an international standard to assess the risk of pests or alien plants becoming invasive. 

IUCN (2020). IUCN EICAT Categories and Criteria. The Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa First edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.. The IUCN global standard for measuring the magnitude of environmental impacts caused by alien species. This can be applied at global, regional or national scale to support prioritisation of invasive alien species. 

Kenis, M., Agboyi, L.K., Adu-Acheampong, R., et al. (2022). Horizon scanning for prioritising invasive alien species with potential to threaten agriculture and biodiversity in Ghana. NeoBiota, Vol. 71 (February) 

Kumschick, S., Wilson, J.R.U., and Foxcroft, L.C.. (2020). A framework to support alien species regulation: the Risk Analysis for Alien Taxa (RAAT). NeoBiota, Vol. 62 (October). 

McGeogh, M.A., Genovesi, P., Bellingham, P.J.,  et al. (2016). Prioritising species, pathways, and sites to achieve conservation targets for biological invasion. Biological Invasions, Vol. 18 (November)

Roy, H.E., Rabitsch, W., Scalera, R., et al. (2017). Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species. Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 55, Issue 2 (March) 

USFWS – Ecological Risk Screening Summaries. 

WOAH – Import Risk Analysis for assessing the disease risks associated with the importation of animals, animal products, etc.

Examples of regional and global networks with resources

Caribbean Invasive Alien Species Network is a collaboration of national, regional and international organisations engaged in the field of invasive alien species control, whose objective is to reduce the potential threat posed by IAS to health and livelihoods; to intra-regional and international trade; and to the Caribbean’s endemic biodiversity and priceless ecosystems.  

European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN). EASIN facilitates the exploration of existing alien species information from a variety of distributed information sources through web tools and interoperable web services, compliant with internationally recognized standards. 

European Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS). NOBANIS is a gateway to information on alien and invasive species in North and Central Europe. 

International Association for Open Knowledge on Invasive Alien Species (INVASIVESNET) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization open to individuals and organizations involved in research, management and exchange of knowledge on invasive species. 

IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). The ISSG promotes and facilitates the exchange of invasive species information and knowledge across the globe and ensures the linkage between knowledge, practice and policy so that decision making is informed. The two core activity areas of the ISSG are policy and technical advice, and information exchange through our online resources and tools and through networking. 

NEOBIOTA European Group on Biological Invasions. NEOBIOTA is the European Group on Biological Invasions. It is a consortium of scientists and environmental managers aiming to enhance integration of invasion research and strengthen approaches to counteract negative effects of introduced organisms on biodiversity, ecosystem services and human health. NEOBIOTA addresses theoretical and applied aspects of biological invasions, but also aims at educating the public and consulting with policy makers. 

North American Invasive Species Network (NAISN). NAISN is a consortium that uses a coordinated network to advance science-based understanding and enhance management of non-native invasive species.

Pacific Invasive Learning Network (PILN). PILN connects Pacific professionals and practitioners to share knowledge, expertise, tools, and ideas that are vital to managing invasive species effectively. 

Barros, A., Shackleton, R., Rew, L., et al. (2022). Tourism, recreation and biological invasions. CABI. Includes information on how tourism-related infrastructure and activities promote biological invasions, including key pathways for non-native invasive species introductions. 

CBD COP Decision XII/16. Guidance on devising and implementing measures to address the risks associated with the introduction of alien species as pets, aquarium and terrarium species, and as live bait and live food. 

ICAO. (2007). Air transport remains a major pathway for invasive alien species. Document highlighting the role of air transportation as a pathway for invasive alien species.

IMO. (2023). Guidelines for the control and management of ships' biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species. Intended to provide a globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling, which is the accumulation of various aquatic organisms on hulls of ship.

IMO. Guidance documents on ballast water management. Series of guidelines to support governments and stakeholders on uniform and effective implementation of BWM Convention.

IMO/ILO/UNECE Code of Practice for Packing of Cargo Transport Units. The CTU Code, inter alia, introduces a duty to ensure that cargo transport units, including shipping containers, are not infested with plants, plant products, insects or other animals. 

IPPC E-commerce Portal. A guide to managing the pest risk posed by goods ordered online and distributed through postal and courier pathways. 

IPPC International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMS). As of April 2024, there are 46 ISPMS, 33 diagnostic protocols, and 46 phytosanitary treatments that aim to protect agriculture and food security, and the environment and biodiversity from plant pests and diseases. These include on the intentional movement of: seeds; wood; growing media in association with plants for planting; and used vehicles, machinery and equipment.

IPPC Sea container supply chains and cleanliness. This guidance identifies the key parties involved in the international container supply chains and describes their roles and responsibilities for minimizing visible pest contamination of sea containers and their cargoes, and best practices they may follow to meet that objective. 

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Pets, Aquarium, and Terrarium Species: Best Practices for Addressing Risks to Biodiversity. Montreal, SCBD, Technical Series No. 48.

WOAH Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations. Includes the Terrestrial and Aquatic Animal Health codes that provide standards for the improvement of animal health and welfare and veterinary public health worldwide, including through standards for safe international trade.

FAO. (2018). International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures 6. Surveillance. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 

IUCN. (2018). Guidelines for invasive species planning and management on islands. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland. IUCN. These guidelines are designed to assist anyone planning and programming the management of invasive species on islands. 

Sankaran, K., Schwindt, E., Sheppard, A.W., et al. (2023). Chapter 5: Management; challenges, opportunities and lessons learned. In: Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Roy, H. E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P., and Renard Truong, T. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 

FAO. (2011). Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) Toolbox. Includes decision-making guide for invasive species program managers or the document alien invasive species: impacts on forests and forestry (Moore, B. 2005). 2^nd link 

Island Conservation. Database of Island Invasive Species Eradications (DIISE). Attempts to compile all historical and current invasive vertebrate eradication projects on islands. 

Katsanevakis, S. (2022). Management Options for Marine IAS. Technical note prepared by IUCN for the European Commission. The report provides a global review of the scientific literature on the effectiveness of management of marine IAS, analyses globally applied management options for marine invasive species, identifies best practices and success stories, and reviews constraints to managing marine IAS. 

Sankaran, K., Schwindt, E., Sheppard, A.W., et al. (2023). Chapter 5: Management; challenges, opportunities and lessons learned. In: Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Roy, H. E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P., and Renard Truong, T. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. 

Shackleton, R.T., Adriaens, T., Brundu, G., et al. (2019). Stakeholder engagement in the study and management of invasive alien species. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 229 (January) 

Sheppard, A.W., Paynter, Q., Mason, P., et al. (2019). IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. The Application of Biological Control for the Management of Established Invasive Alien Species Causing Environmental Impacts. The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Technical Series No. 91. Montreal, Canada 88 pages. The document provides detailed technical information on the application of classical biological control, as well as the track record and case studies of past successful applications, including evidence of non-target impacts.

University of Cambridge (2024) Conservation evidence. A free information resource designed to support decisions about how to maintain and restore global biodiversity. Presents summarized evidence from the scientific literature (studies) about the effects of conservation actions such as methods of habitat or species management. 

CABI Compendium  Brings together data and research across species, pests, and diseases into one comprehensive resource. It includes images, maps, and links to decision support tools such as The Horizon Scanning Tool, Pest Risk Analysis Tool, and the Invasive Species Discovery Tool. It is divided into eight channels: Animal Health and Production Compendium, Aquaculture Compendium, Crop Protection Compendium, Food Safety and Quality, Forestry Compendium, Horticulture Compendium, Invasive Species Compendium and Seedborne Pests.

Horizon scanning tool Helps decision makers identify and categorize species that might enter a particular area. The tool uses CABI data to generate a list of species that are not recorded as present in a selected ‘area at risk’ but are reported from ‘source areas’ i.e. geographic areas with similar climates to an ‘area at risk’, neighbouring areas or selected trading partners.

Pest Risk Analysis Tool A decision-support tool that presents scientific information from the CABI Compendium to aid the selection of appropriate measures for reducing risk of pest introduction and facilitating the safe movement of plants and plant products

Invasive Species Discovery tool This is a power search of invasive species datasheets. Lists of datasheets can be retrieved by filtering distribution, organism type, taxonomy, habitat, risk and impact factors and pathways

Tourism, recreation and biological invasions (2022) Includes information on how tourism-related infrastructure and activities promote biological invasions, including key pathways for non-native invasive species introductions. Also elaborates on known and potential impacts of invasive species on tourism and recreation, including how they may affect, positively or negatively, the economic revenue from tourism, tourist access, recreation, aesthetic values and tourists’ perceptions. Its final section focuses on management and policy, covering aspects of how visitors perceive invasive species and their willingness to manage them, biosecurity measures to prevent invasion related to tourism, as well as potential policy options moving forward.

Assessment and Management of Alien Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats and Species CBD Technical Series 1  

Review of the efficiency and efficacy of existing legal instruments applicable to invasive alien species CBD Technical Series 2

Pets, aquarium and terrarium species: Best practices for addressing risks to biodiversity CBD Technical Series 48

The application of biological control for the management of Established Invasive Alien Species causing environmental impacts, CBD Technical Series 91

The Global taxonomy Initiative 2020: A Step by step guide to DNA barcoding CBD Technical Series 94

Pathways of introduction of invasive species, their prioritization and management SBSTTA/18/9 add.1

Additional volountary guidance as contained in decision CBD/COP/16/L.4

(a)     Cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness and multi-criteria analysis methodologies that best apply to the management of invasive alien species, as contained in annex I;

(b)     Identification and minimization of additional risks associated with cross-border e-commerce in live organisms and the impacts thereof, as contained in annex II;

(c)     Management of invasive alien species as it relates to the prevention of potential risks arising from climate change and other drivers of biodiversity loss, as contained in annex III;

(d)     Risk analysis of the potential consequences of the introduction of invasive alien species on socioeconomic and cultural values, as contained in annex IV;

(e)     Relevance of databases to support the management of invasive alien species, as contained in annex V;

(f)      Additional advice and technical guidance on invasive alien species management, as contained in annex VI;

Trade in alien invasive species  This Resolution recommends that Parties consult with the Management Authority of a proposed country of import, when considering exports of potentially invasive species, to determine whether there are domestic measures regulating such imports. Parties are also recommended to consider the opportunities for synergy between CITES and CBD and to explore appropriate cooperation and collaboration between the two Conventions on the issue of introductions of alien species that are potentially invasive.

CITES Guidance on Non-detriment Findings (NDF) For trade in species included in the CITES Appendix I and II to be authorized, the competent scientific authority must assess that the trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species (non-detriment finding). The CITES NDF guidance contains all the information and explanations needed to undertake this assessment. Module 1 includes the consideration of invasive alien species as one of the threats to take into consideration in making NDFs. 

Study on international trade and invasive alien species (2013) Reviews and analyses key concepts and principles relevant to IAS and international trade in the context of the CBD and the SPS Agreement, as well as in relation to the IPPC and the WOAH. It also considers various initiatives to enhance capacities for managing the entry and spread of IAS (including plant pests and animal diseases), reviews common challenges and good practices, and makes a number of targeted recommendations.

Sustainable Forest Management toolbox The SFM Toolbox collates a large number of tools, case studies and other resources, organised in modules. It has been created to provide forest owners, managers and other stakeholders with easy access to those resources for the implementation of SFM. It has a large component of information on IAS such as its decision-making guide for invasive species program managers or the document alien invasive species: impacts on forests and forestry.

Invasive and Introduced tree database.  A database that provides summarized information about those forest tree species that have been reported naturalized or invasive in at least one country or territory.

Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control

At the tenth session of the IPBES Plenary, held in Bonn, Germany from 28 August - 2 September 2023, the IPBES Thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control was accepted and its summary for policymakers was approved. The Thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control is the result of four years of work by 86 experts from 49 countries, and synthesizes information from over 13,000 references into a comprehensive scientific assessment and concise summary document for policy makers. The complete assessment, comprised of six chapters, and its summary for policymakers are linked below. 

In the IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, invasive alien species were identified as one of the main direct drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide. Despite this recognition, prior to the completion of the Thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control, the rapidly growing threat that invasive alien species pose to biodiversity, ecosystem services, sustainable development and human well-being was generally poorly quantified and little understood by decision makers.

In conducting the assessment, experts assessed the current status and trends of invasive alien species, their impacts, their drivers, their management, and policy options to address the challenges they pose. The assessment takes into account various knowledge and value systems including Indigenous and local knowledge.

The role of air transportation as a pathway for IAS The document highlights the role of air transport as a major pathway for invasive alien species  as well as the importance of working on the development of international guidelines, and possibly standards and recommended practices under the auspices of ICAO

International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments The aim of the BWM Convention is to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species by shipping, specifically through ballast water.

Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships' Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species The guidelines address the transfer of invasive aquatic species through biofouling, which is the accumulation of various aquatic organisms on ships’ hulls.

Code of Practice for Packing of Cargo Transport Units The CTU Code, inter alia, introduces a duty to ensure that cargo transport units, including shipping containers, are not infested with plants, plant products, insects or other animals.

GloBallast Partnerships Programme The Programme (2000-2004 and 2007-2017) was extremely successful and the materials produced remain publicly available and can be valuable tools supporting implementation of the BWM Convention.

GloFouling Partnerships project The project (ending mid-2025) assists developing regions of the world to implement the Biofouling Guidelines, and also spurs the development of best practices and standards for improved biofouling management in other ocean industries.

TEST Biofouling Project The project assists developing countries to build their knowledge on control and management of biofouling and showcase effective approaches by means of demonstration projects at both regional and country level.

Guidelines and guidance documents Series of guidelines to support governments and stakeholders on uniform and effective implementation of BWM Convention

International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs). ISPMs are standards adopted by the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM), which is the governing body of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). These international standards protect sustainable agriculture and enhance global food security, protect the environment, forests and biodiversity and facilitate economic and trade development.

E-Commerce portal Regarding the work on management of E-Commerce and postal and courier pathways, the IPPC has produced “E-Commerce: a guide to managing the pest risk posed by goods ordered online and distributed through postal and courier pathways” and has made available a new E-Commerce portal with outreach materials, videos and regulations regarding this issue.

ePhyto is short for “electronic phytosanitary certificate”. The IPPC ePhyto Solution is a tool that transition paper phytosanitary certificate information into a digital phytosanitary certificate or “ePhyto”. This electronic exchange between countries makes trade safer, faster and cheaper.

Phytosanitary Capacity Evaluation (PCE). PCE is an interactive tool designed to conduct a situational analysis of the existing phytosanitary system, and to help the NPPO assess its progress over time in the implementation of the IPPC and the international standards on phytosanitary measures. The PCE is aligned with the Phytosanitary Capacity Building Strategy of the IPPC

Phytosanitary Systems The essential components of a Phytosanitary System are identified below and each component page brings together all of the relevant technical resources to help National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) staff understand and access information related to a subject. Relevant technical resources include: International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), CPM Recommendations, IPPC Guides and training materials as well as Contributed resources.

IPPC Observatory Is a system that monitors the implementation of the IPPC, ISPMs, and CPM Recommendations. The IPPC Secretariat set up this evaluation system to help national plant protection organizations (NPPOs) identify challenges and best practices in implementation and address them through recommended actions.

Guides and training materials These are intended to help NPPOs build capacity and effectively implement the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) and recommendations of the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM). They suggest best practices and provide a starting point for developing legislation, policies and procedures that are responsive to national phytosanitary needs and priorities.

IUCN Global Invasive Species Database GISD A free, online searchable source of information about alien and invasive species that negatively impact biodiversity, includes information on species, impacts, pathways etc.

Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species GRIIS Compiles annotated and verified country-wise inventories of introduced and invasive species

IUCN Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) IUCN global standard for measuring the severity of environmental impacts caused by animals, fungi and plants living outside their natural range. This tool helps prioritize invasive alien species.

IUCN Red list of threatened species^™ The world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. It is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity. This powerful tool informs and catalyzes action for biodiversity conservation and policy change, critical to protecting the natural resources we need to survive. It provides information about range, population size, habitat and ecology, use and/or trade, threats (including IAS), and conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions.

Guidelines for invasive species planning and management on islands These guidelines are designed to assist anyone planning and programming the management of invasive species on islands, with the aim of reducing the negative impacts of invasives on islands’ rich and fragile natural heritage, communities and livelihoods. The document provides guidance for anyone who has to find, plan and prioritize funds and resources for invasive species management and research, on islands anywhere, including for the design of national invasive species strategies and action plans. It provides support for islanders and island agencies working on invasives, as well as guidance for international and regional agencies in providing assistance to them. A major aim is to help and guide the development of more objective, realistic and achievable invasive species plans and programmes.

Guidance for interpretation of the CBD categories of pathways for the introduction of invasive alien species This document provides detailed guidance on how to interpret the definitions of the CBD pathways categorization system for alien species, including examples from a number of environments and taxa. A discussion on definitions and terminology is included, along with examples of applying the classification system to species information. The description of each subcategory is also accompanied by explanations to resolve confusion with other similar subcategories

Preventing the spread of invasive alien species through the movement of topsoil, in particular in the context of large-scale infrastructure projects This report explores the information available in relation to the intentional movement of soils, especially in what concerns large-scale infrastructure projects, that might be (unintentionally) infested with IAS, within the EU and beyond. The report showcases and summarizes the information currently available through guidelines, codes of conduct and other similar documents regarding the safe movement of soils to prevent spread of IAS. Although this document has been produced to support the implementation of the EU IAS Regulation, it can be applied in a global context

Management options for marine IAS This document provides a global review of the scientific literature on the effectiveness of management of marine IAS, analyses globally applied management options for marine invasive species, identifies best practices and success stories, and reviews constraints to managing marine IAS. It also proposes follow-up steps to improve the implementation of the EU IAS Regulation in the marine environment, also in relation to other relevant provisions, such as IMO Ballast Water Convention and Biofouling Guidelines

Surveillance guidelines for invasive alien species in the marine environment The purpose of these guidelines is to assist anyone involved in the development of surveillance systems for marine IAS. The information outlined in the document aims to support the implementation of the EU IAS Regulation, however the guidelines are relevant for all marine IAS, not just those which are (or may be in the future) present on the Union list.

Management notes for invasive alien species A series of notes (77 so far, updated regularly) referring to the measures that can be used to manage various species of invasive alien animals and plants. These mostly focus on the IAS of concern to the European Union, but go beyond that. The notes cover prevention of introductions (intentional and unintentional), prevention of escapes from containment, prevention of secondary spread, surveillance, rapid eradication and long-term management of the species.

A manual for the management of vertebrate invasive alien species of Union concern, incorporating animal welfare  (Annex I  and Annex II) This manual provides support for the management of vertebrate invasive alien species, through lethal or non-lethal measures, at the same time assessing the welfare implications of the measures used, in order to strengthen the application of the EU IAS Regulation. Although this document has been produced to support the implementation of the EU IAS Regulation (and focuses on species of EU concern), it can be applied in a global context and for many more vertebrate IAS

Invasive alien plants most harmful to pollinators in the EU and their management focusing on non-chemical methods This report summarizes information on terrestrial invasive alien plant species (IAPs) in the EU having a negative impact on pollinators, with a focus on the non-chemical methods that can be used to manage them. It also provides a detailed description of all the non-chemical methods that can be used to manage IAPs. Although the document has been produced to support the implementation of the EU IAS Regulation and the revised EU Pollinators Initiative, it can be applied in a global context.

Terrestrial Animal Health Code Provides standards for the improvement of animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health worldwide. These standards should be used by Members to set up measures for the prevention, early detection, reporting and control of pathogenic agents in terrestrial animals (mammals, reptiles, birds and bees), including zoonotic agents. Implementation of the recommendations in the Terrestrial Code ensures the safety of international trade in animals and animal products, while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers.

Aquatic Animal Health Code Provides standards for the improvement of aquatic animal health and welfare worldwide. These standards should be used by Members to set up measures for the prevention, early detection, reporting and control of pathogenic agents in aquatic animals (amphibians, crustaceans, fish and molluscs). Implementation of the recommendations in the Aquatic Code ensures the safety of international trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal products, while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers.

Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals Aims to facilitate international trade in animals and animal products and to contribute to the improvement of animal health services world-wide

Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals Aims to provide a standardised approach to the diagnosis of the diseases listed in the Aquatic Code, to facilitate health certification for trade in aquatic animals and aquatic animal products

Guidelines for assessing the risk of non-native animals becoming invasive These are intended to address the complementary process of assessing the risk of non- native animals becoming invasive

Wildlife Health programme Expanding its work in wildlife health and promoting the growth of surveillance systems for wildlife health at regional, national and international levels, and advocating Members to revaluate the importance and visibility given to wildlife health in their countries. The programme provides a wide array of information as well as a series of guidelines for rapid response and risk reduction on different wildlife health issues.

World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) It is a global reference platform for publication of official data on animal diseases of epidemiological significance in both domestic and wild species. It has two main components and Early warning system, to inform the international community of relevant epidemiological events occurring in WOAH Members via alert messages, and a Monitoring system which enables the monitoring of WOAH-listed diseases (presence or absence) over time. WAHIS includes interactive mapping tools and dashboards to support data consultation, visualization and extraction of officially validated animal health data.

WOAH Training platform It is a free IT tool made available to all WOAH Member countries, technical and financial Partners and the public at large - with various levels of access - to improve the capacity of national Veterinary Services via online training activities, resources and discussions. Its courses include subjects such as risk analysis, emergency management, animal health management, animal welfare, emerging risks, One Health, and wildlife among others.

Animal Diseases This portal gives access to all listed diseases as well as other additional important diseases not listed by WOAH, including several emerging diseases and more than 50 wildlife diseases which may have a serious impact on global health and can adversely affect wildlife conservation

Framework of Standards on Cross-Border E-Commerce addresses the risk of biological invasion associated with e-commerce in living organisms, and minimizing the impacts of invasive alien species, pests and pathogenic agents.

ePing SPS&TBT Platform the platform facilitates tracking sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) measures. The information that can be searched includes notifications on new or updated product regulations, trade concerns, products or markets of interest, enquiry points and notification authorities and contact with national and international counterparts.

Prioritizing SPS investments for market access P-IMA This framework helps inform and improve SPS planning and decision-making processes. It offers an evidence-based approach to inform and improve SPS planning and decision-making processes. It also helps to link SPS investments to public policy goals including export growth, agricultural productivity, and poverty reduction. In the process, P-IMA encourages public-private dialogue, boosts transparency and accountability, and improves the economic efficiency of investment decisions.

Invasive Alien Species | Standards and Trade Development Facility World Trade Organization and Standards and Trade Development Facility work on invasive alien species.

Study on International trade and Invasive Alien Species It reviews and analyses key concepts and principles relevant to IAS and international trade in the context of the CBD and the SPS Agreement, as well as in relation to the IPPC and the OIE. It also considers various initiatives to enhance capacities for managing the entry and spread of IAS (including plant pests and animal diseases), reviews common challenges and good practices, and makes a number of targeted recommendations.